In 1860 the North had 3/4ths of the foreign-born. The census of that year shows almost 4,000,000 foreigners in the North and 233,000 in the South. Half of these had arrived in the preceding 10 years of the war many just 1 year before the war began. This was one reason for the defiance of Southern Leaders, who saw the balance of the population and power slipping from them. Tens of thousands of newly arrived immigrant men were almost forced into service for the North as they stepped of the boats.
